Inhibitory effects of auxins and related substances on the activity of an arabidopsis glutathione stransferase isozyme expressed in escherichia coli. Functional, structural and biochemical features of plant serinyl. These enzymes catalyze the reaction of such com pounds fig. The plant glutathione transferases, formally glutathione stransferase gsts. Purification and characterization of corn glutathione s. The crystal structure of a mu class glutathione s transferase ec 2. Soluble gsts form dimers, each subunit of which contains active sites. Introduction to the important group of enzymes involved in the catalysis of glutathione conjugation reactions. Previous studies demonstrated that individual rice gsts were differentially induced by heavy metal exposure at the mrna transcript level.
Upon conjugation of the thiol group of glutathione to the cdnb substrate, there is an increase in the absorbance at 340 nm. Frontiers glutathione stransferase enzymes in plant. Glutathione stransferases gsts quench reactive molecules with the addition of glutathione gsh and protect the cell from oxidative damage. Dixon and virginia walbot glutathione s transferases gsts are abundant proteins encoded by a highly divergent, ancient gene family. Overexpression of a tobacco glutathione stransferase with glutathione peroxidase activity gstgpx in transgenic tobacco nicotiana tabacum l. Our aim is to understand the function of this protein with respect to the lethal bax phenotype and to reveal components of the plant machinery that may be relevant to. Expression of glutathione stransferase and its role in plant growth and development in vivo and shoot morphogenesis in vitro. Plant glutathione stransferases gsts are ubiquitous and multifunctional enzymes encoded by large gene families. Genomewide identification and expression analysis of. By using the fluorescent differential display technique in a largescale screening, several. Stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco seedlings that. Putative lambda class glutathione stransferase enhances.
Glutathione stransferases gsts are detoxification enzymes, found in all aerobic organisms, which catalyse the conjugation of glutathione with a wide range of hydrophobic electrophilic substrates, thereby protecting the cell from serious damage caused by electrophilic compounds. Snodgrass a, ming shun chen b a jamie whitten delta states research center, arsusda, stoneville, ms. The plant glutathione s transferase superfamily have been subdivided into eight classes. This paper is available online free of all access charges see. The gst genes are upregulated in response to oxidative stress and are inexplicably overexpressed in many. In past, several studies suggested involvement of plant gst gene. Their study embodies both fundamental aspects and agricultural interest, because of their ability to confer tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses and. Expression of bax in yeast decreases the intracellular levels of total glutathione, causes a substantial reduction of. Glutathione s transferase gst refers to one of the major detoxifying enzymes that plays an important role in different abiotic and biotic stress modulation pathways of plant. Glutathione stransferases gsts, previously known as ligandins, comprise a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase ii metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione gsh to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification. Gsts are a multigene family of isozymes, known to catalyze the conjugation of gsh to miscellany of electrophilic and hydrophobic substrates. Microsomal glutathione s transferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the mgst1 gene function.
Glutathione s transferases gsts are abundant proteins encoded by a highly divergent, ancient gene family. The mapeg family membraneassociated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism consists of six human proteins, two of which are involved in the production of leukotrienes and prostaglandin e, important mediators of inflammation. Glutathione stransferases gsts are abundant proteins encoded by a highly divergent, ancient gene family. The role of gsts in metabolism is unclear, although their complex. Glutathione and a uv lightinduced glutathione s transferase are involved in signaling to chalcone synthase in cell cultures. Anthocyanin pigments require gsts for their transport into the vacuole since their cytoplasmic retention is toxic to the cell. Affinity labeling of glutathione s transferase, isozyme 44, by 4fluorosulfonylbenzoic acid reveals tyr115 to be an important determinant of xenobiotic substrate specificity. To gain further insight into herbicide detoxification, we studied the herbicide activity and specificity toward glutathione s. The glutathione stransferase gst gene family encodes genes that are critical for certain life processes, as well as for detoxication and toxification mechanisms, via conjugation of reduced glutathione gsh with numerous substrates such as pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants. We report here that soybean glycine max root nodules contain at least 14 forms of gst, with gst9 being most prevalent, as measured by both realtime reverse. Resveratrol and 4hydroxynonenal act in concert to increase glutamate cysteine ligase expression and glutathione in human bronchial epithelial cells. Glutathione is a tripeptide that plays a pivotal role in critical physiological processes resulting in effects relevant to diverse disease pathophysiology such as maintenance of redox balance, reduction of oxidative stress, enhancement of metabolic detoxification, and regulation of immune system function.
Interindividual differences in response to plant based diets. It catalyzes the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione gsh to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose. Glutathione stransferases gsts quench reactive molecules with the. The j b c 2000 by the american society for biochemistry. Enzyme activities and subcellular localization of members of the. Abiotic stress alters transcript profiles and activity of.
Recombinant dna technology is used for the transformation of plants leading to transmission of herbicide resistance. Soluble plant glutathione transferases gsts consist of seven distinct classes, six of which have been functionally characterized. Analysis of the glutathione s transferase gst gene. Tsutomu shimizu, naoya hashimoto, ishizue nakayama, tohru nakao, hiroyuki mizutani, tadaaki unai, mikio yamaguchi, hiroshi abe, a novel isourazole herbicide, fluthiacetmethyl, is a potent inhibitor of protoporphyrinogen oxidase after isomerization by glutathione s transferase, plant and cell physiology, volume 36, issue 4, june 1995, pages 625. Glutathione stransferases gsts are enzymes that detoxify heterocyclic compounds xenobiotics by covalently linking glutathione to the substrate, forming a glutathione sconjugate1,2. Plant glutathione transferases genome biology full text. The gene codes for a protein, glutathione stransferase gst, previously known as a ligandin. The j b c 2000 by the american society for biochemistry and.
In this study, we systematically examined the functional diversification of the glutathione s transferase gst gene family in populus trichocarpa by integrating phylogeny, expression, substrate specificity, and enzyme kinetic data. A gene was cloned from botrytis cinerea that encodes a protein homologous to glutathione s. Pdf expression of glutathionestransferase and its role in. Their presence in plants was recognized shortly afterwards, when a gst activity was shown.
Structures of class pi glutathione stransferase from. There has been extensive duplication of the plantspecific phi and tau class. Plant gsts attach glutathione to electrophilic xenobiotics, which tags them for vacuolar sequestration. Genomewide identification of glutathione stransferase gene.
Pdf plant glutathione stransferase classification, structure and. Pdf expression of glutathionestransferase and its role. Abstract glutathione stransferases gsts play roles in both normal cellular metabolism as well as in the detoxification of a wide variety of xenobiotic. Jun 12, 2018 le martret b, poage m, shiel k, nugent gd, dix pj 2011 tobacco chloroplast transformants expressing genes encoding dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione s transferase exhibit altered antioxidant metabolism and improved abiotic stress tolerance. Glutathione is capable of preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals. The first reports about a plant glutathione stransferase enzyme gst, ec 2. Chs transcripts increase after 3 to 4 hr, and early genes are involved in the signal transduction to the chs promoter. An9 is a glutathione s transferase from petunia petunia hybrida required for efficient anthocyanin export from the site of synthesis in the cytoplasm into permanent storage in the vacuole. Glutathione s transferases gsts represent a ubiquitous gene family encoding detoxification enzymes able to recognize reactive electrophilic xenobiotic molecules as well as compounds of endogenous origin. Characterization of the glutathione stransferase gene family.
In this study, the genes of the plant specific phi and tau class gst enzymes from oryza sativa osgst and human pi class gst enzyme hgstp1. Structural characterization of herbicideconjugating plant glutathione. Glutathione stransferases in the biosynthesis of sulfur. Glutathione s transferases gsts play roles in both normal cellular metabolism as well as in the detoxification of a wide variety of xenobiotic compounds, and they have been intensively studied with regard to herbicide detoxification in plants. Glutathione and a uv lightinduced glutathione stransferase are involved in signaling to chalcone synthase in cell cultures. Structural characterization of herbicideconjugating plant glutathione stransferases and a novel active site architecture. Characterization of the glutathione stransferase gene. Glutathione stransferases gsts play roles in both normal cellular metabolism as well as in the detoxification of a wide variety of xenobiotic compounds, and they have been intensively studied with regard to herbicide detoxification in plants. Research article open access identification and analysis. Phi, tau, zeta, theta, lambda, dehydroascorbate reductase and tetrachlorohydroquinone dehalogenase classes are soluble and one class is microsomal. Pdf plant glutathione stransferases gsts are ubiquitous and multifunctional enzymes encoded by large gene families.
Expression analysis was conducted on a glutathione s. Research article open access identification and analysis of glutathione stransferase gene family in sweet potato reveal divergent gstmediated networks in aboveground and underground tissues in response to abiotic stresses na ding1,2, aimin wang1, xiaojun zhang1,2, yunxiang wu1, ruyuan wang1, huihui cui2, rulin huang2 and yonghai luo1,2. Glutathione s transferases are enzymes responsible for the detoxification of reactive chemical species through conjugation to reduced glutathione. The whole genome sequence analysis revealed the presence of 90 gst genes. Glutathione stransferases are enzymes responsible for the detoxification of reactive chemical species through conjugation to reduced glutathione. Plants in the brassicaceae family have evolved the capacity to produce numerous unique and structurally diverse sulfurcontaining secondary. The arabidopsis glutathione transferase gene family displays.
The plant glutathione stransferase superfamily have been subdivided into eight classes. The gstp1 gene, encoding the pi class glutathione s transferase, was the first hypermethylated gene to be characterized in prostate cancer 160. Threedimensional structure of glutathione stransferase from arabidopsis thaliana at 2. The gst genes are upregulated in response to oxidative stress and are inexplicably.
Involved in light signaling, mainly phyamediated photomorphogenesis and in the integration of various phytohormone signals to modulate various aspects of plant development by affecting glutathione pools. Nov 15, 2000 overexpression of a tobacco glutathione s transferase with glutathione peroxidase activity gstgpx in transgenic tobacco nicotiana tabacum l. The glutathione s transferase gst gene family encodes genes that are critical for certain life processes, as well as for detoxication and toxification mechanisms, via conjugation of reduced glutathione gsh with numerous substrates such as pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants. The glutathione stransferase gst assaykit utilizes 1chloro2,4dinitrobenzene cdnb which is suitable for the broadest range of gst isozymes. A newly discovered plant gst subclass has been implicated in numerous stress responses, including those arising from pathogen attack, oxidative stress. Expression of glutathione s transferase and its role in plant growth.
Glutathione stransferase gene family in gossypium raimondii and g. Glutathione transferases gsts, formerly glutathione stransferases, constitute a ubiquitous multigenic superfamily of enzymes that conjugate. Our aim is to understand the function of this protein with respect to the lethal bax phenotype and to reveal components of the plant machinery that may be relevant to the process of apoptosis. Uv irradiation stimulates expression of the gene encoding the key enzyme chalcone synthase chs, which leads to the generation of protective flavonoids in parsley cell cultures. Glutathione stransferase and acetylcholinesteraseinhibiting natural products from medicinally important plants. Genomewide identification of glutathione stransferase. Glutathione gsh is an antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea. Physiological roles of glutathione stransferases in.
The present invention particularly relates to the construction and use of a recombinant dna molecule which contains a glutathione s transferase gst gene which increases the enzymatic activity of gst during the course of expression in the plant. Gsts are classified into five distinct classes alpha, mu, pi, sigma and theta by their substrate. Physiological roles of glutathione stransferases in soybean. Glutathione stransferase gst refers to one of the major detoxifying enzymes that plays an important role in different abiotic and biotic stress modulation pathways of plant. Gstp1 protects prostate epithelial cells from carcinogenassociated andor oxidative. Glutathione s transferases gsts are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of toxic xenobiotics and oxidatively produced compounds to reduced glutathione, which facilitates their metabolism, sequestration, or removal. Recently, several gst genes have been isolated as genes that respond to the plant hormone auxin with increased transcription. One of the first accounts of the transcriptional regulation of a plant gst by diverse biotic stresses and chemical treatments.
Plant gsts have been studied mainly in relation to their role in the detoxification of herbicides, mostly in maize. It is a tripeptide with a gamma peptide linkage between the carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain and cysteine. Identifying how genes and their functions evolve after duplication is central to understanding gene family radiation. Dixon and virginia walbot glutathione stransferases gsts are abundant proteins encoded by a highly divergent, ancient gene family. Plant glutathione stransferase classification, structure. Pdf glutathione stransferase enzymes in plantpathogen. The diverse roles of glutathione in physiology are relevant to a considerable body of. Soluble gsts form dimers, each subunit of which contains active sites that bind glutathione and hydrophobic ligands. In a survey of candidate genes located in the salinity tolerance locus of soybean, we identified a putative glutathione stransferase gst gene gmgstl1 which was upregulated in response to salt treatment. Ep0256223a1 herbicide tolerant plants containing a. Quantitation of glutathione s transferases in rice.
The soybean gh24 gene that encodes a glutathione stransferase has a promoter that is activated by a wide range of chemical agents. For many xenobiotics it is well established that a covalent glutathione gsh tag mediates recognition of molecules destined for vacuolar sequestration by a tonoplastlocalized atpbinding cassette pump. Lglutamyllcysteinylglycine in sorghum and maize plants frear and swanson, 1970. The theta and zeta gsts have counterparts in animals but the other classes are plant specific and form the focus of this article. Plant glutathione transferases a decade falls short. In vitro, possesses glutathione stransferase activity toward 1chloro2,4dinitrobenzene cdnb and benzyl isothiocyanate bitc. Pdf glutathione stransferases are multifunctional proteins involved in diverse intracellular events such as primary and secondary metabolisms, stress. Comparative study on glutathione stransferase activity. Glutathione stransferases which are involved in the enzymatic conjugation of glutathione to metabolites and xenobiotics, are a large family of proteins that include a large number of classes and.
Plant glutathione transferasemediated stress tolerance. Glutathione s transferases are mostly soluble cytoplasmic enzymes. Novel isourazole herbicide, fluthiacetmethyl, is a potent. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that this putative gst belongs to the lambda class, a plant specific group with unknown functions. Glutathione s transferases gsts, previously known as ligandins, comprise a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase ii metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione gsh to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification. Expression of glutathione s transferase and its role in plant growth and development in vivo and shoot morphogenesis in vitro. Study on the biochemical characterization of herbicide. The phi and tau class gsts are specific to plants and the most numerous and abundant of these enzymes.
Functional complementation of the arabidopsis tt19 mutant indicated that ppgst1 was responsible for transport of anthocyanins but not proanthocyanidins. Probing the diversity of the arabidopsis glutathione stransferase gene family. Pdf a novel plant glutathione stransferaseperoxidase. In recent years, the importance of the endogenous plant tripeptide glutathione gsh has been increasingly recognized in plantpathogen interactions due to its contribution to various signaling and defense mechanisms. The gene, denominated bcgst1, is present in a single copy and represents the first example of such a gene from a filamentous fungus. Glutathione stransferase enzymes in plantpathogen interactions. Plant glutathione stransferases, a tale of theta and tau. Glutathione stransferases are multifunctional proteins involved in diverse intracellular events such as primary and secondary metabolisms, stress metabolism, herbicide detoxification and plant protection against ozone damages, heavy metals and xenobiotics. Genomewide identification, classification, and expression. Feb 26, 2002 molecular characterization of corn glutathione stransferase isozymes involved in herbicide detoxication. The biochemical function of gsts is to conjugate toxic compounds to glutathione, thereby detoxifying the compound. Plant glutathione stransferase classification, structure and.
Glutathione s transferase, commonly abbreviated gst, refers to a group of enzymes which employ glutathione in many reactions that contribute to the transformation of numerous compounds such as therapeutic drugs, carcinogens and products involved in oxidative stress. Plant natural product chemistry has played an active role in generating a significant number of drug candidate compounds in a drug discovery program. The gstp1 gene, encoding the pi class glutathione stransferase, was the first hypermethylated gene to be characterized in prostate cancer 160. It is the phi and tau class gsts that have generally been studied in plants. Gst enzymes were first discovered in animals, in the 1960s, for their importance in the metabolism and detoxification of drugs. The present study aimed to a comprehensive genomewide functional characterization of gst genes and proteins in tomato solanum lycopersicum l. Glutathione stransferase an overview sciencedirect topics. Molecular characterization of corn glutathione stransferase isozymes involved in herbicide detoxication. Glutathione stransferase and acetylcholinesteraseinhibiting natural products from medicinally important plants athar ata, stephanie a. Plant gsts have diverse roles in plant development, endogenous metabolism, stress tolerance, and xenobiotic detoxification. Induction of glutathione stransferases in arabidopsis by. A characteristic feature of gst genes is their high inducibility by a wide range of stress conditions including biotic stress. Jun 24, 2019 glutathione s transferases gsts compose a family of multifunctional enzymes involved in the numerous aspects of regulating plant growth, development, and stress response.
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